Cognition—the ability to think, learn, and reason—is a key pillar of longevity, directly impacting health span and overall well-being. It encompasses attention, memory, language, decision-making, and problem-solving, all of which are essential for daily life.  

The Brain and Cognitive Function  

Cognitive function is primarily controlled by the cerebral cortex, the brain’s outer layer responsible for processing information. Key regions include:  

– Frontal lobes– Reasoning, problem-solving, language, and short-term memory.  

– Parietal lobes – Processing sensory input such as touch, taste, temperature, and pain.  

– Occipital lobes – Visual processing and memory related to images.  

– Temporal lobes – Language, hearing, and memory linked to sensory experiences.  

– Hippocampus – Learning, memory formation, and spatial awareness.  

– Amygdala – Processing emotions and sensory experiences.  

Factors Affecting Cognitive Health  

Cognitive function can be influenced by lifestyle, aging, medical conditions, and environmental factors. Conditions that may negatively impact cognition include:  

– Neurological diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, dementia)  

– Metabolic disorders (diabetes, hormonal imbalances)  

– Psychiatric conditions (depression, psychosis)  

– Brain injuries, stroke, infections, or cancer  

– Poor sleep, chronic stress, poor diet, and sedentary behavior  

– Substance misuse, high alcohol intake, or certain medications